In a lot of commercial AI, a model that is wrong 5% of the time is fine. In a high-assurance setting, that same model can be a liability you cannot field, and the difference between the two worlds is almost entirely test and evaluation.
I have watched capable models die in review not because they were bad, but because no one could prove they were good. There was no honest accounting of where the model failed, no adversarial testing, no story for how it behaved on the messy edges of real data. Reviewers are right to reject that. Trust in serious environments has to be earned on paper as well as in practice.
TEVV, meaning test, evaluation, verification, and validation, is the unglamorous work that turns a promising prototype into something an organization can actually stand behind. Robustness testing. Bias and assurance analysis. Red-teaming the system the way an adversary would. Documentation that survives a formal review.
My strong opinion: if you are standing up an AI capability that matters and you have not budgeted for independent evaluation, you do not have a program yet. You have a demo. And demos do not get fielded.